Exploring Long shutter speeds:
Explain the three types of long exposures. Night photography, light painting, and water exposures.
How does the use of a neutral density filter change the way the photograph looks? It allows the photographer to control the exposure shown in the image. The filter stops light reaching the camera sensor, therefore allowing us to leave the camera with a higher aperture for a longer amount of time.
What are the steps to shooting lightning? just set the camera up (where it wasn't raining), press the button on the cable release, and wait anywhere from 5-10 minutes, depending on whether (or how much) lighting would strike. Metering for exposure times is similar to that of fireworks. The frequency of the lightning will affect the overall exposure, and there are no guidelines (other than experimentation) for how much exposure time you should allow.
How are star trails created? As Earth spins under the sky, the stars appear to move. When a camera captures that movement, you have captured a star trail. This may take about a 3.5 hour exposure, allowing the earth to move and properly capture a star trail.
How does Reciprocity Failure change the way the film reacts to light? Reciprocity Failure simply refers to when the film fails to produce an image that represents the light that was projected onto it. Simply put, the longer the exposure, the more you have extend the time your camera meter says to get the correct image on the film.